Lighting terminology

Panasonic.net

Some of the terminology used in lighting practice and analysis, and in studying the environmental effects of light, are not commonly used elsewhere, or have different meanings when used in this context. Some terms are commonly used when talking about lighting practice, but have different meanings to different people; this is a frequent source of talking cross-purposes in our field.

Corona Phenomena

The electric transmission grid represents a network that serves to the transmission and the interregional exchange of electric energy.

Within the transmission network is made an energy balance that takes into account the network losses.

System losses are:

• Power losses (ΔP) represent the consumption of electric power necessary for the transmission of electricity and for the distribution process;

• Energy losses (ΔW) represent the consumption of electric energy necessary for the transmission of electricity and for the distribution process;

Soft Starter

Schneider softstarter

Motors that run typical industrial applications employing conveyors, pumps, blowers, and compressors all have one common quality ,  they draw a large amount of current when they start up, perhaps six times what they draw during normal operation. This level of current can stress motor components and cause power quality issues on plant electrical systems, particularly for larger motors of 1 hp or more. That is why motors of this size frequently employ soft starting.

Air Circuit Breaker

Schneider Electric (NW&NT) air circuit breaker 

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

The type of circuit breaker, which operates in air (where air-blast as an arc quenching medium) at atmospheric pressure, is known to be an Air Circuit Breaker. Air circuit breaker has completely replaced by oil circuit breaker. In different countries, still it is a preferable choice to use an Air circuit breaker up to 15KV because, there is no chance of oil fire like in oil circuit breaker.

Harmonic and capacitor selection

Effects of Harmonics

Schneider Capacitor

Harmonics in electrical installation

The presence of harmonics in electrical systems means that current and voltage are distorted and deviate from sinusoidal wave forms.

Harmonic currents are currents circulating in the networks and which frequency is an integer multiple of the supply frequency.

Power Factor Correction

Improving the PF can maximize current-carrying capacity, improve voltage to equipment, reduce power losses, and lower electric bills. The simplest way to improve power factor is to add PF correction capacitors to the electrical system. PF correction capacitors act as reactive current generators. They help offset the non-working power used by inductive loads, thereby improving the power factor. The interaction between PF capacitors and specialized equipment, such as variable speed drives, requires a well-designed system.

Power Factor

Loads in electrical distributer systems are inductive Loads which need a magnetic field to operate, Such as motors, transformers, ballasts and furnace.

In first we should know what is the two kinds of power that be needed in the inductive loads;